Part of speech referents
In order to refer to specific parts of a sentence, these referents are formed in relation to the verb:
- Agent བྱེད་པ་པོ།
- Secondary Agent or Instrument བྱེད་པ།
- Basis: ལྟོས་གཞི། (See: Difference between direct and indirect objects)
- Object ལས།
- Indirect Object བྱ་བའི་ཡུལ།
- Place of Activity བྱེད་ས། (See: Two types of place of activity)
- Mode of Activity བྱེད་ཚུལ།
- Time of Activity བྱེད་དུས།
གཟའ་ལྷག་པར་ལྷ་ས་ན་བཀྲ་ཤིས་ཀྱིས་ཞིང་ལ་ས་བོན་ལག་པས་མགྱོགས་པོར་བཏབ།
Illustration: On Wednesday, in Lhasa, Tashi quickly planted seeds in a field using his hands.
Referents: In relation to the verb "to plant" (འདེབས་པ།)
- Planter (འདེབས་པ་པོ།): Tashi (བཀྲ་ཤིས།)
- Secondary planter (འདེབས་བྱེད།): hands (ལག་པ།)
- Object planted (གདབ་བྱ།): seed (ས་བོན།)
- Place to be planted in (གདབ་ཡུལ།): field (ཞིང་།)
- Place of the planting (འདེབས་ས།): Lhasa (ལྷ་ས།)
- Way of planting (འདེབས་ཚུལ།): quickly (མགྱོགས་པོ།)
- Time of planting (འདེབས་དུས།): Wednesday (གཟའ་ལྷག་པ།)
| Part of Speech | Case Marker |
|---|---|
| Agent བྱེད་པ་པོ། | Third Case |
| Secondary Agent or Instrument བྱེད་པ། | Third Case |
| Object ལས། | First Case |
| Indirect Object བྱ་བའི་ཡུལ། | Second Case - Objective |
| Place of Activity བྱེད་ས། | Seventh Case - Locative |
| Mode of Activity བྱེད་ཚུལ། | Second Case - Denyi |
| Time of Activity བྱེད་དུས། | Seventh Case - Time marker |
For verbs unconnected with an agent:
- Where an agent never appears
e.g. Rain fell (ཆར་པ་བབས།) and the sun rose (ཉི་མ་ཤར།) can have no rainer (བབས་པ་པོ།) or riser (ཤར་བ་པོ།) - Where a separate agent does not appear / Verbs of motion
e.g. Tashi went to the east (བཀྲ་ཤིས་ཤར་ཕྱོགས་སུ་འགྲོ།): Tashi is considered both the agent of going (འགྲོ་བ་པོ།) and the object / that which goes (འགྲོ་བྱ།), but is more strongly considered to be the latter (therefore, not being marked with a Third Case)
Up a level: Tibetan Grammar